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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Identification Domestication and Cultivation Practices of Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma

Nasma Abubakari Ally*,  Frida Albinus Nyamete,  Lucy Mlipano Chove
Published in Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 13, Issue 6)
Received: 8 November 2025     Accepted: 24 November 2025     Published: 17 December 2025
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Abstract

Underutilized Vegetables (UVs) are nutrient dense crops with substantial potential to enhance food security and dietary diversity, yet remain largely overlooked in mainstream agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, domestication and cultivation practices of UVs in Morogoro and Dodoma regions of Tanzania through across sectional survey of 307 respondents. Chi- square test was performed to assess associations between categorical variables such as Dodoma and Morogoro. 30 species of underutilized vegetables consumed both in Morogoro and Dodoma regions were identified. Overall, 75.6% (n=232) of respondents demonstrated high familiarity with UVs, reflecting their cultural and dietary relevance. Domestication rates varied significantly by region, 83.2 % (99/119) of Morogoro farmers reported cultivating UVs in home gardens, compared with just 29.3%(55/188) in Dodoma with a highly significant difference (χ² = 84.805, p =0.000). The main reason hindering UVs domestication was water scarcity in semi-arid Dodoma (68%), as well as the availability of underutilized vegetables in wild areas. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to further identify factors that independently influenced the respondents’ practices score. Region, age, and education level affected the practices score, with regression p-values of 0.001, 0.021, and 0.014 respectively. In Morogoro, 54 respondents (n = 119) achieved higher GAP scores, while none in Dodoma did. These interregional disparities appear to be driven by differential access to water resources, extension services, and functional market linkages. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including water management strategies in semi-arid Dodoma, Community based training, seed multiplication initiatives and integrating UVs into national research, policy and market development frameworks. Such efforts could transform UVs from neglected wild forages into climate resilient, nutrient-rich crops, enhancing both sustainable agriculture and nutrition security in Tanzania.

Published in Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 13, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14
Page(s) 334-352
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Underutilized Vegetables, Domestication, Good Agricultural Practices, Food Security

1. Introduction
In many communities across Africa, women wake up early each day to prepare meals for their families. Most of these meals rely heavily on three staple foods namely maize, wheat, and rice. These staple based diets dominate household kitchens and contribute approximately 40% of the daily calorie intake for many households in sub-Saharan Africa
[31]
. While they provide energy, they lack many of the essential vitamins and minerals required for good health, despite the availability of rich traditional, nutrient dense vegetables
[7, 28]
. These vegetables often grow in wild fields and sometimes near homesteads, but they remain under recognized, underutilized, and largely absent from home gardens and local markets, despite their abundance and proven nutritional value
[9, 19, 46]
They are rarely included in daily meals, missing the opportunity to improve household nutrition leading to food insecurity
[5, 38]
.
Tanzania, like other East African countries, faces food insecurity. Underutilized vegetables have received limited attention in cultivation, use, and commercialization despite their great nutritional value. They can help fight hidden hunger and protect consumers’ health
[2]
. Studies conducted in Morogoro and Dodoma regions showed that the overall prevalence rates for anemia and deficiencies in iron, vitamin A, and zinc for children were 42.9%, 29.3%, 24.9%, and 26.4%, respectively and when 24 hours dietary recall was considered only 4% met the requirement for zinc and 19% for vitamin A
[18]
.
A widespread monoculture agricultural revolution and a tendency toward more high-yielding varieties were the main reasons for the underutilization of many vegetables in the world. Due to accessibility and availability challenges, most people cannot afford healthy diets because the most nutrient-dense foods, like underutilized vegetables are seasonal and have insufficient supplies for year-round consumption due to their high perishability
[50]
. Additionally, vegetables become more expensive and sometimes unavailable during off-seasons, and hence the majority of consumers choose not to consume them
[30]
. The increase in agriculture diversity through increasing domestication of underutilized vegetables is an important solution to micronutrient deficiency in many countries
[25]
as it can ensure the availability of vegetables throughout the year.
Agricultural practices related to underutilized vegetables involve the cultivation methods, harvesting routines, post-harvest handling, and utilization techniques. These agricultural practices are often guided by indigenous knowledge, passed down through generations with minimal inputs and limited access to improved farming techniques
[10]
. Practices may vary by region and are influenced by cultural beliefs, ecological conditions, and the level of awareness regarding the nutritional value of these crops
[41]
, these vegetables are often neglected in formal agricultural extension programs, leading to gaps in best farming practices, pest management, and post-harvest handling. Understanding current practices is important. This includes identifying and analyzing potential sources, seasonal availability of UVs, levels of domestication, and factors that hinder domestication. Such information provides a strong foundation to improve productivity, promote food security, and increase the income of smallholder farmers especially for women farmers who play a central role in the production and use.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
A cross-sectional survey was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Information gathered included identification, domestication and cultivation practices of underutilized vegetables. To ensure the reliability and clarity of the research instrument, a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used.
2.2. Sampling and Sample Size
This study utilized a purposive sampling technique with the help of agriculture extension officers to select respondents in line with the study objectives. Two regions, Dodoma and Morogoro were selected based on the ecological and cultural relevance to the study of underutilized indigenous vegetables. In each region, one district was purposively selected: Chamwino District in Dodoma and Morogoro Rural District in Morogoro region. From each selected district, two divisions were purposively chosen. Within each division, two wards were then selected through simple random sampling. From each selected ward, one village was randomly chosen. This resulted in a total of eight study villages across the two regions. In each village, the number of respondents was proportional to the population size of both the ward and the village as shown in Table 1. Eligible individuals were first identified, and then respondents were randomly selected from the group.
Sample Size Determination
The following formula by Kothari (2004) was used to calculate the sample size of the finite population as population sizes of all selected wards and villages were known.
N = (z)2 p (1 – q) / d2
Whereby;
N = desired sample size
z = standard normal deviation, set at 1.96 corresponding to 95% confidence interval
P = estimated proportion of the population that presents the characteristic (when unknown we use p = 0.5)
q = (1-q) proportion of the population who are estimated to not have the particular characteristics
d = degree of accuracy desired 5% or (0.05)
N=(1.96)2 ×0.5(1-0.5)0.052
Thus, estimated sample size is 385
Table 1. Distribution of respondents to be engaged in the survey of underutilized vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma regions.

Morogoro Region

Respondent Expected

Respondents Observed

Dodoma Region

Respondent Expected

Respondents Observed

Kiroka (Kiroka A)

43

35

Mvumi mission (Mvumi mission)

79

62

Mkuyuni (Mkuyuni)

41

33

Muungano (Ilolo)

53

42

Kisemu (Kangazi)

33

26

Makangwa (Makangwa)

36

28

Mtombozi (mtombozi kazi)

32

25

Manzase (Manzase)

68

54

Subtotal

149

119

236

188

Total Respondent

307

385
A total of 307 respondents were successfully reached and surveyed
2.3. Data Collection Method
Data for this study were collected by a direct interview using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire designed to gather information required for the study. The questionnaire included both open and closed-ended questions.
2.4. Data Analysis
Data analysis was carried out by using IBM statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 27 Software. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used. Chi-square tests were employed to assess associations between categorical variables such as region, age, gender, education level, and cultivation practice. To further identify factors which independently influenced the respondent’s practice scores, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. The variables in the regression model included region, age, gender, education level, and occupation. Regression p-values were used to determine whether each factor had a statistically significant effect on the practice score, after controlling for the influence of the other variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered indicative of a meaningful effect.
Each respondent was asked to list up to eight (8) underutilized vegetables they knew. Based on the number of vegetables mentioned, an individual familiarity score was assigned. To classify respondents into different familiarity levels, the median number of UV mentioned was calculated and the result was 7. The median was used instead of mean because median is the best measurement of central tendency.
To assess the level of practices related to underutilized vegetables, a binary scoring system (Yes/No) was applied, where each positive practice was assigned a score of 1 and each negative or absent practice was scored 0. The total score obtained by each respondent was divided by the maximum possible score (10), and converted into percentages to enable standard comparisons. Based on these percentage scores, respondents were categorized into three levels of practice: poor (≤35%), medium (36%–65%), and good (≥66%).
3. Result And Discussion
3.1. Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted in Morogoro and Dodoma regions of Tanzania, which exhibit distinct climatic characteristics that significantly influence agricultural practices. Dodoma region, located in central Tanzania, is characterized by a semi-arid climate with low and erratic rainfall ranging between 500 mm and 800 mm annually, making it one among of the driest regions in the country
[21]
. The region experiences a single rainy season from December to April, followed by a prolonged dry season. These climatic conditions contribute to frequent droughts, reduced crop productivity, and high levels of food insecurity, as most communities rely solely on rain-fed agriculture
[48]
. Our study was conducted in Makangwa and Manzase wards (Makangwa division) and in Mvumi Mission and Muungano wards in (Mvumi Division) in Chamwino district. Chamwino District is among the key zones in Central Tanzania where UVs are commonly utilized. The district is home to indigenous communities who have knowledge of these vegetables and use them for food and traditional medicine. In contrast, Morogoro region, has a semi-humid climate with rainfall ranging between 800 and 1200 mm annually. The region experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, which supports diverse agricultural production, including irrigated farming and the cultivation of underutilized vegetables. The study was conducted in Matombo Division (wards: Mtombozi and Kisemu) and Mkuyuni Division (wards: Mkuyuni and Kiroka). These areas were purposively selected due to the weather conditions that supported the natural growth of underutilized vegetables. Approximately 70% of the days in a year received rainfall.
Figure 1. A map showing Chamino and Morogoro rural disctricts.
3.2. Social Demographic Characteristic of the Respondent
A total of 307 respondents participated in the study, where 119 were from Morogoro and 188 from Dodoma. Results revealed significant differences between Morogoro and Dodoma in several demographic characteristics, particularly sex, education level, and marital status. Female representation is notably higher in Dodoma167 (88.8%) than in Morogoro 83 (69.7%). This difference was confirmed by a chi-square value of 17.550 and p-value of 0.000 as shown in Table 2. This reflects the dominant presence of women in households which was in agreement with findings by
[39]
.
Regarding education level, there were significant disparities between the two regions. In Dodoma, 55 (29.3%) of respondents did not have formal education, compared to only 15 (12.6%) in Morogoro. Conversely, primary education was more common in Morogoro 83 (69.7%) than in Dodoma 109 (58.0%), while secondary education was relatively similar but slightly higher in Morogoro. “The chi-square value of 11.659 and p-value of 0.003 confirm these differences are statistically significant, These highlights potential educational challenges in Dodoma. This may hinder knowledge acquisition and the effective adoption of GAP
[16]
. Adult literacy programs tailored to low-literacy populations may help bridge this gap and improve long-term agricultural outcomes. The results correspond to the study of
[53]
whereby, more people had primary education but very few hard secondary educations, and a moderate number did not have formal education.
Similarly, marital status also shows significant variation between the regions, with more respondents in Dodoma being married 143(76.1%) compared to Morogoro 80(67.2%). Interestingly, other categories, such as widow or single, are relatively low in both regions. The chi-square value of 13.034 and p-value of 0.023 underscore these differences. The higher population of married people may influence household decision-making structures and labor division in the family.
Occupation, monthly income, and native to the village did not show statistically significant differences between the two regions. Farming is the dominant occupation in both areas, where 114 (95.8%) and 184(97.9%) of respondents were involved in Morogoro and Dodoma respectively. Similarly, the majority of respondents in both regions 105(88%) in Morogoro and 173 (92%) in Dodoma who were also native to their villages earned less than 100,000 Tanzanian shillings per. These findings, with p-values above 0.05, suggest similarities in these socioeconomic aspects between Morogoro and Dodoma. The result also corresponds to the study of
[53]
, where most of the respondents in their study earned less than 100,000 TZS per month
Table 2. Social demographic characteristics of respondents involved with underutilised vegetables from Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.

Variables

Categories

Morogoro

Dodoma

Chi-squares

p-value

Sex

Female

83 (69.7%)

167 (88.8%)

17.550

0.000***

Male

36 (30.3%)

21 (11.2%)

Education Level

None

15 (12.6%)

55 (29.3%)

11.659

0.003**

Primary education

83 (69.7%)

109 (58.0%)

Secondary education

21 (17.6%)

24 (12.8%)

Marital Status

Divorced

6 (5.0%)

1 (0.5%)

13.034

0.023*

Married

80 (67.2%)

143 (76.1%)

Prefer not to say

2 (1.7%)

1 (0.5%)

Separated

3 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%)

Single

16 (13.4%)

24 (12.8%)

Widowed/widower

12 (10.1%)

19 (10.1%)

Occupation

Employed

3 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%)

4.846

0.089ns

Farmer

114 (95.8%)

184 (97.9%)

Trader

2 (1.7%)

4 (2.1%)

Monthly Income

More than 300,000

1 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

2.388

0.303ns

100,000-300,000

13 (10.9%)

15 (8.0%)

Less than 100,000

105 (88.2%)

173 (92.0%)

Native to the village

No

8 (6.7%)

23 (12.2%)

2.438

0.118ns

Yes

111 (93.3%)

165 (87.8%)
Statistically significant at p < ***0.001, p < **0.01, p < *0.05, ns = Not significant
3.3. Identification Of Underutilized Vegetables
3.3.1. Underutilized Vegetables Identified in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions
In order to document the types of underutilized vegetables found and commonly consumed in the villages of Morogoro and Dodoma, a total of 307 respondents were interviewed. The findings revealed considerable diversity and availability of these vegetables across the two regions.
As indicated in Table 3, the most frequently utilized vegetables s in Dodoma were “Ilende” (Corchorus trilocularis) 177 (94.70%), “Safwe” (Vigna unguiculata) 167 (88.80%), and “Fwene” (Amarathus graecizans) 164 (87.20%). In contrast, the leading species in Morogoro were “Mwidu” (Justicia heterocarpa) 104 (87.40%) Delega (Basella alba) 100 (84.00%) and “Sunga” (Launea cornuta) 92 (77.30%). These top vegetables indicate strong regional acceptability and widespread utilization of these vegetables, which continue to play a crucial role in local diets and cultural identity. The variations in dominant species between the two regions can be attributed by a combination of agro- ecological conditions and cultural preferences. In semi-arid regions such as Dodoma, drought-tolerant species are more dominant due to their resilience under limited water availability. Conversely areas with higher rainfall and fertile soils like Morogoro can support a broader diversity of vegetable species
[43]
. Additionally, cultural preferences play a crucial role, as different communities have unique tastes, culinary traditions, and perceptions of the health benefits associated with certain vegetables
[26]
. These observations align with
[21]
, who documented several underutilized vegetables and staple foods commonly consumed in Dodoma. Their high popularity is reinforced by accessibility since many species are available in local markets or can be easily foraged from the wild
[11, 53]
. Conversely, some underutilized vegetables were reported at very low consumption levels. In Dodoma, the include “Kalabwagila” (Cucubita maxima) (2.70%) and “Sansa” (Vigna spp) (2.10%) whereas “Mlenda mgunda” (Corchorus spp) (0.80%) and “Mokamoka” (Unidentified) (3.40%) registered similarly low utilization in Morogoro. These low percentages suggest limited acceptance and use of certain species highlighting broader challenges facing indigenous crops in Tanzania. Despite their rich nutritional profiles and potential to combat micronutrient deficiencies, underutilized vegetables are often marginalised due to inadequate public awareness, insufficient documentation, and a minimal promotion
[4]
. In addition, the effects of urbanization and market dynamics strongly influence food choices and dietary patterns in cities like Morogoro and Dar es Salaam, where consumers increasingly prefer fast-growing, commercial vegetables over traditional ones
[40]
.
Table 3. Underutilized vegetables identified in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.

Region

Native Name

Scientific Name

Swahili Name

Percent%

Morogoro

Mwidu

Justicia heterocarpa

Mlenda Mwidu

104(87.40)

Delega

Basella alba

Delega

100(84.00)

Sunga

Launea cornuta

Chunga

92(77.30)

Hombo

Corchorus spp

Mlenda hombo

81(68.10)

Bwasi

Amaranthus spp

Mchicha pori

80(67.20)

Chidwangala

Vigna vexillata

Kunde pori

61(51.30)

Mbwembwe

Bidens pilosa

Shona nguo

60(50.40)

Kisamvu

Manihot grazioli

Kisamvu

53(44.50)

Longwe

Ipomoea pandurata

Tembele pori

53(44.50)

Kidivu

Unidentified

Kidivu

48(40.30)

Bezemaji

Unidentified

Majani ya magimbi

34(28.60)

Mwage

Sesbania spp

Mlenda mwage

23(19.30)

Lubi

Unidentified

Lubi

8(6.70)

Mnavu pori

Solanum incanum

Mnavupori

8(6.70)

Mokamoka

Unidentified

Mokamoka

4(3.40)

Mlenda mgunda

Corchorus spp

Mlenda mgunda

1(0.80)

Dodoma

Ilende

Corchorus trilocularis

Mlenda wakigogo

177(94.70)

Safwe

Vigna unguiculata

Majani ya kunde

167(88.80)

Fwene

Amaranthus graecizans

Mchicha pori

164(87.20)

Chiwandagulu

Ipomoea pandurata

Matembele pori

162(86.70)

Ngazi

Unidentified

Ngazi

132(70.20)

Kidingulilu

Unidentified

Maua ya alovera

129(68.60)

Mzimwe

Cleome gynandra

Mgagani

101(53.70)

Mhilile

Cleome hirta

Mhilile

99(52.70)

Kisamvu

Manihot grazioli

Kisamvu

81(42.60)

Sagulasagula

Ipomoea mombassana

Sagula sagula

67(36.70)

Chipalii

Ipomoea obscura

Jamii ya matembele

42(22.50)

Ikui

Adansonia digitata

Majani ya mbuyu

30(16.00)

Kalabwagila

Cucurbita maxima

Majani ya maboga

5(2.70)

Sansa

Vigna spp

Sansa

4(2.10)
3.3.2. Respondents Familiarity with Underutilized Vegetables among Respondents
As indicated in Table 4 below, a total of 232 (75.60%) of respondents demonstrated a high degree of familiarity with underutilized vegetables, suggesting that these crops remain well-recognized and culturally significant within the communities. Familiarity with UVs increases the likelihood to benefit from their rich nutritional profiles. The study aligns with previous studies, which highlight that cultural and dietary relevance of underutilized vegetables, particularly in rural areas where they are regularly consumed
[42]
. These results show that most people are already familiar with underutilized vegetables, and this increases the likelihood of their inclusion in household diets, enabling communities to benefit from their rich nutritional profiles
[6, 9, 19]
. This will in turn promote healthy eating, encourage cultivation in home gardens and farms, and contributes to the conservation of biodiversity and while enhancing food security
[34]
. Furthermore, increased demand in local markets has the potential to provide farmers with alternative income streams in local markets and foster the development of sustainable markets for these nutrient-dense vegetables. However, 24.40% of respondents were below the median score, reflecting limited familiarity with these vegetables. This might be due to changing dietary patterns, urbanization, and the growing preference for exotic or commercially popular vegetables. It was reported that these changes contribute to a gradual erosion of indigenous food traditions, particularly among younger generations
[22]
.
Table 4. Familiarity with Underutilized Vegetables Among Respondents in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions (N=307).

Familiarity level

Score range

Number of respondents

Percent%

Unfamiliar <

< 7

75

24.40

familiar ≥

≥7

232

75.60

Total

307

100
3.3.3. Seasons and Sources of Underutilized Vegetables
(i) Seasons of Underutilized Vegetables
Table 5 reveals a significant seasonal variation in the availability of underutilized vegetables between Morogoro and Dodoma (χ² = 10.780, p = 0.001). In both regions, these vegetables were most abundant during the rainy season with 106 (89.1%) of respondents in Morogoro and 184 (97.9%) in Dodoma indicating availability during this period. A smaller proportion of respondents, 13 (10.9%) in Morogoro and 4 (2.1%) in Dodoma, reported that these vegetables were available throughout the year. These findings align with the trend described by
[4, 47]
, who stipulated that the UVs were highly dependent on the rainy season when moisture is sufficient for their growth. While some underutilized vegetables are noted for their resilience to drought compared to staple crops, their initial growth and productivity were still largely dependent on adequate rainfall
[38]
. The reliance on rainfall is particularly significant in regions with limited irrigation infrastructure. The study’s findings also underscore the need for alternative strategies to enhance the availability of these underutilized vegetables throughout the year. Preservation techniques that allow communities to store vegetables during periods of abundance for use in off-seasons should be promoted. Some authors proposed techniques such as drying, fermentation and blanching since they also maintained most of the nutrients in the vegetables. These methods are not only cost-effective and environmentally friendly but can also be implemented at the household level with minimal resources and mitigating seasonal shortage
[55]
.
Table 5. Seasonal availability of underutilized vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.

Region

(n)

Available in all seasons

Available only in rainy season

Chi-square (χ²)

Sig.

Morogoro

119

13(10.9%)

106(89.1%)

10.78

.001

Dodoma

188

4(2.1%)

184(97.9%)
(ii) Sources of Underutilized Vegetables (UVs) in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions
In Table 6, wild areas were a significant source of underutilized vegetables (UVs) for respondent both in Morogoro and Dodoma across seasons. During the rainy season, nearly all respondents reported sourcing UVs from the wild 116 (97.5%) in Morogoro and 188(100%) in Dodoma. These findings align with previous studies, which have shown that many underutilized vegetables naturally thrive in wild environments, where they are naturally well-adapted and require minimal cultivation efforts
[7, 14, 23, 51]
. However, during off season, reliance on wild sources declined sharply in Dodoma, only 35(18.6%) of respondents in Dodoma with only 35 respondents (18.6%) continuing to gather UVs from wild areas compared to 100(84.03%) in Morogoro (p=0.000). This sharp decline in Dodoma can be attributed to its harsher and drier climatic conditions during offseason, which hinder the regeneration of wild vegetation
[53]
. In contrast, Morogoro’s relatively humid climate supports longer persistence of wild edible species, enabling year-round harvesting
[40]
. These results underscore the vulnerability of wild sources to climatic stress, which aligns with the findings by
[47]
, who noted that reliance on wild foods declined significantly under prolonged dry conditions.
A marked disparity was observed in the market availability of underutilized vegetables (UVs) between Morogoro and Dodoma. In Morogoro, markets serve as a primary source, with 63% of respondents reporting market access during the rainy season and 71.4% continuing to rely on markets during offseason. Bycontrast, none of the respondents in Dodoma reported accessing UVs from markets during the rainy season, and only 2.1% did so during offseason (p=0.000). This difference reflects Morogoro’s relatively advanced and functional market infrastructure which enables consistent distribution and accessibility of UVs. These findings are consistent with studies in Uganda and southern west Nigeria, where UVs are predominantly marketed by women and significantly contribute in enhancing household income and supporting local economies
[16]
. In Dodoma, however, the limited role of markets is offset by alternative coping strategies, such as the widespread practice of drying UVs during rainy season for storage and future consumption. This approach reflects a strong culture preservation and self-reliance in managing food availability throughout the year, compensating for the lack of functional market infrastructure
[20, 55]
.
Table 6. Sources of UVs in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions during rainy season.

Source

Morogoro

Dodoma

χ²

p-value

Yes (%)

No (%)

Yes (%)

No (%)

Wild areas

116(97.5)

3(2.5)

188(100)

0(0)

4.786

0.029

Market

85 (71.4)

34 (28.6)

0 (0.0)

188 (100)

185.701

0.000

Home Gardens

103 (86.5)

16 (13.5)

3 (1.6)

185 (98.4)

232.680

0.000
However, home storage practices reveal another significant contrast between the two regions. In Dodoma, 96.8% of respondents reported relying on home stores for accessing underutilized vegetables (UVs) during offseason (p=0.000), while this practice was almost absent in Morogoro. This strong dependenceon drying and storing vegetables in Dodoma, reflects a long-standing tradition that enables households to mitigate food insecurity during prolonged dry periods
[55]
. Such preservation methods are particularly crucial in semi-arid areas like Dodoma, where fresh vegetable availability declines sharply outside the growing season. By contrast, the use of home stores in Morogoro was minimal likely due to the region’s more favorable agroecological conditions, including a longer and more reliable rainy season that support prolonged availability of fresh vegetables from wild sources for extended periods
[10]
.
Table 7. Sources of UVs During Off-Season in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.

Sources

Morogoro

Dodoma

χ²

p-value

Yes (%)

No (%)

Yes (%)

No (%)

Wild Areas

100 (84.0)

19 (16.0)

35 (18.6)

153 (81.4)

26.089

0.000

Home Gardens

73 (61.3%)

46 (38.7)

3 (1.6)

185 (98.4)

139.661

0.000

Market

75 (63.0%)

44 (37.0%)

4 (2.1)

184 (97.9)

141.410

0.000

Home Storage

0 (0.0%)

188 (100%)

182 (96.8)

6 (3.2)

282.936

0.000
(N =307)
3.4. Domestication of Underutilized Vegetables
3.4.1. Cultivation and Domestication of Underutilized Vegetables in Home Gardens
As shown in Table 8, a significant disparity was observed between Morogoro and Dodoma in the cultivation of underutilized vegetables (UVs). In Morogoro, a substantial number 99(83.2%) of respondents reported cultivating UVs in their home gardens, whereas only 55(29.3%) did so in Dodoma. This difference is statistically significant (χ² = 84.805, p = 0.000), indicating a strong regional variation in UV cultivation practices.
Several factors contribute to this disparity. As stated earlier, Morogoro's favorable agro-ecological conditions, characterized by higher rainfall and fertile soils, support diverse agricultural activities, making it conducive for home gardening and UV cultivation. In contrast, Dodoma's semi-arid climate, characterized by low and erratic rainfall, poses challenges for consistent vegetable production. These findings are consistent with
[8]
who emphasized that environmental factors, such as water availability and soil fertility, significantly influence home gardening practices in Tanzania. This ecological contrast explains the higher proportion of households cultivating UVs in Morogoro compared to Dodoma, as revealed in the current study.
Despite the low cultivation rates in Dodoma, the willingness to domesticate UVs is high in both regions, with 17(89.5%) in Morogoro and 121 (92.4%) in Dodoma expressing readiness to participate in the activity. However, this difference is not statistically significant (χ² = 0.189, p = 0.664), suggesting that the interest in UV cultivation exists across both regions. This raises a critical question: what are the barriers preventing this willingness from translating into action, especially in Dodoma?
The gap between willingness and actual cultivation in Dodoma may be attributed to infrastructural and resource limitations rather than a lack of interest among farmers. According to a study by
[48]
reported that key access to resources such as water, seeds, and agricultural knowledge is a critical determinant of successful home gardening in Tanzania. Limited availability of these resources in semi-arid regions like Dodoma constrains households’ ability to translate awareness and willingness into actual cultivation practices, thereby reinforcing regional disparities in UV production. In addition to resource constraints, several systemic barriers hinder the translation of willingness into actual domestication are Government policies and subsidy schemes which tend to prioritize high-yield staple crops and dominate both national strategies and international markets. This policy orientation marginalizes UVs, which are often perceived as low-yielding and lacking economic potential
[34]
. Furthermore, UVs are constrained by an underdeveloped value chain, characterized by limited processing, storage, and marketing infrastructure, thereby reducing their attractiveness to both farmers and traders
[39]
. Social perceptions also play a role as the stigmatization of UVs as "food for the poor," undermines their desirability and cultural status, further discouraging wider adoption and commercialization
[25]
.
To bridge this gap, targeted interventions are necessary. Implementing water conservation techniques, such as rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation, can mitigate the challenges posed by Dodoma's arid climate. Additionally, providing training and resources to local farmers can empower them to initiate and sustain UV cultivation. As noted by
[19]
community-based agricultural education programs have proven effective in enhancing home gardening practices in Tanzanian regions. Government policies should align more closely with the global development frameworks such as SDGs specifically goal number 2 that is zero hunger by emphasizing domestication of underutilized vegetables as it increases food diversification and nutrition security
[7, 35]
.
Table 8. Cultivation and domestication of underutilized vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.

Variable

Category

Are you cultivating underutilized vegetables in your home garden

Test statistics

Are you willing to domesticate underutilized vegetables

Test statistics

No

Yes

Chi-square

P-Value

No

Yes

Chi-square

P-Value

Region

Morogoro

20 (16.8%)

99 (83.2%)

84.805

0.000

2 (10.5%)

17 (89.5%)

0.189

0.664

Dodoma

133 (70.7%)

55 (29.3%)

10 (7.6%)

121 (92.4%)
3.4.2. Underutilized Vegetables Domesticated in Morogoro and Dodoma
In Morogoro region, the most domesticated underutilized vegetable was is “Delega” (Basella alba), accounting for 30% (Figure 2). This is followed by “Bwasi” (Amaranthus spp) a25.45%, whereas “Hombo” (Corchorus spp) and “Chidwangala” (Vigna vexillata) were the least domesticated vegetables each representing 0.444%. By contrast, Dodoma exhibited a distinct cultivation profile, whereby Vigna unguiculata (55%) was the most cultivated underutilized vegetable, followed by “Kisamvu” (Manihot graziol) (35%) and finally “fwene” (Amarathus spp) (10%). Vigna unguiculata’s dominance is attributable to its drought tolerance, an essential trait for Dodoma's semi-arid climate. The least accepted domesticated UVs could be due to shifts in dietary preferences, poor seed availability, lack of agronomic research or promotional efforts and poor consumer awareness
[11, 48]
. The most cultivated vegetables might be due to its rapid growth, resilience to local pests, and nutrient composition
[4]
. Their widespread cultivation might be supported by the readily available seeds through local farmer networks and their favorable taste, which aligns with consumer preferences in both rural and peri-urban areas. These combined agronomic and socio-cultural factors reinforce their popularity in household gardens.
The trend mirrors national-level patterns, where indigenous vegetables have been displaced by exotic species such as cabbage and spinach, which are often prioritized in extension programs despite lower micronutrient content
[4]
. Also, the negative perceptions such as labeling some UVs as "food for the poor" have further discouraged their domestication
[25]
.
Figure 2. Domesticated Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.
3.4.3. Reason for Not Domesticating Underutilized Vegetables
Water scarcity was reported by 68.08% respondents (n =188) in Dodoma and 26.9% (n=119) in Morogoro as the major reason for not domesticating underutilized vegetables (Figure 3). Lack of seeds is another major constraint, particularly in Dodoma (55.9%) and to a lesser extent in Morogoro (22%). The perception that underutilized vegetables are readily available in the wild discourages domestication for some people, as shown by (52.7%) respondents in Dodoma and (18.5%) in Morogoro. This indicates that these vegetables may still be commonly foraged rather than domesticated. Lastly, preference for cultivating other crops was noted by (43.6%) respondents in Dodoma and (16.8%) in Morogoro.
The data shows that water scarcity was identified as a main barrier for domestication of underutilized vegetables. This highlights the severe impact of limited water access on agricultural choices, especially in the more arid Dodoma region. Environmental factors, such as water availability and soil fertility, significantly influence home gardening practices in Tanzania
[8, 12]
. Dodoma is a semi-arid region with erratic rainfall and frequent droughts, making irrigation and crop production particularly difficult
[36]
.
Lack of seeds is another major constraint, particularly in Dodoma (55.9%) respondents (n =188) and to a lesser extent in Morogoro respondents (n=119). Research has also shown that many underutilized vegetables lack a formal seed system, which contributes to low yields and reduces farmers' motivation to domesticate them
[6]
. Without reliable sources of certified seeds, farmers face challenges in maintaining quality, consistency, and productivity, which ultimately hinders efforts toward wide-scale adoption and domestication
[33]
. Seed scarcity and water constraints are closely related as in areas where water is not readily available, farmers are often discouraged from saving seeds or seeking certified seed sources. Thus, the absence of reliable water access becomes a primary barrier that undermines not just planting but the entire domestication effort, from seed selection to cultivation
[8]
.
Furthermore, the perception that underutilized vegetables are readily available in the wild discourages domestication for some farmers, as shown by 49% of respondents in Dodoma and 18.5% in Morogoro. Some studies show that a significant portion of underutilized vegetables in East Africa, including Tanzania, are found in natural ecosystems such as forests, riverbanks, and uncultivated lands
[5, 15, 34]
. Communities often gather these vegetables seasonally, especially during the rainy season when they grow abundantly without deliberate planting and dry them then they store for future use
[24]
. This continued reliance on wild harvesting reduces the urgency to invest in domestication, particularly when farmers perceive the wild supply as sufficient for household needs
[19]
.
The preference for cultivating other crops highlights an important behavioral and economic barrier to the domestication of underutilized vegetables. Farmers may opt for crops that are more familiar, marketable, or supported by government programs
[25]
. In many cases, staple crops like maize, rice, and are perceived as more reliable income sources due to their established market demand, availability of subsidized inputs, and frequent inclusion in extension service
[7]
.
Figure 3. Reasons for not domesticating underutilized vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions.
3.5. Practices on Underutilized Vegetables
3.5.1. Cultivation Practices Adopted by Users of Underutilized Vegetables
Key agricultural practices for domestication and use of underutilized vegetables in Dodoma and Morogoro include land preparation, seed sourcing, irrigation, soil amendment, pest control, harvesting indicators, tools, and timing. As indicated in Table 9, these practices are crucial for assessing productivity, sustainability, and the role of these vegetables in food and nutritional security.
Land preparation: Table 9 shows that most farmers (46.1%) prepare their land by clearing, ploughing, harrowing, and planting without using manure. Meanwhile, 27.9% of respondents directly clear and plant without ploughing or harrowing, while 25.3% use the most comprehensive method, which includes clearing, ploughing, harrowing, and applying manure before planting. Only 0.6% of those who answered plant directly without preparing the land first. The most sustainable practice is combining manure application with full land preparation, which supports soil structure, microbial health, moisture retention, and nutrient cycling
[45]
. Research by
[32]
indicates that tillage without manure application may deplete soil organic matter over time.
Seed Sources: Data reveal that 75.5% of farmers use saved seeds from previous harvests, indicating a strong reliance on traditional seed-saving practices. In contrast, only 6.9% of farmer’s source seeds from unregulated local markets. None of the farmers (0%) reported obtaining seeds from certified sources such as seed banks or agricultural research institutions. Such reliance might be attributed by factors like cost of certified seeds, lack of awareness, limited access, and inadequate extension services. Such reliance on informal systems aligns with trends in Eastern Africa, where smallholder farmers commonly use traditional practices for seed selection and exchange
[6]
. To address these challenges, integrated seed system development is essential. This approach involves strengthening the linkages between formal and informal seed systems and enhancing farmers' access to quality seeds through participatory breeding
[33]
.
Irrigation frequency: The findings reveal varied irrigation frequencies among farmers cultivating underutilized vegetables during the dry season. The majority (61.7%) reported irrigating daily, while 25.5% irrigate 2–3 times per week. A smaller proportion (10.6%) irrigates both in the morning and evening, and only 2.1% irrigate weekly. These figures suggest that most farmers recognize the importance of watering during dry periods, although practices differ, possibly due to differences in water availability and vegetable types. Daily irrigation can help ensure consistent soil moisture, prevent wilting, and enhance nutrient uptake in vegetables. This is particularly important for underutilized vegetables, most of which may not have been bred for drought tolerance and are grown in marginal environments
[44]
Soil amendments: Data shows that 55.9% of farmers do not use soil amendments such as compost or manure in the cultivation of underutilized vegetables (UVs), while 43.2% do and only 0.8% apply them occasionally. This suggests that over half of the farmers grow UVs on un amended soils., This may negatively affect soil fertility and crop performance and sustainability of their vegetable production
[45]
. The limited use of organic amendments is especially concerning in regions where soils are often degraded or low in organic matter. Compost and manure are essential for improving soil structure, enhancing water retention, boosting microbial activity, and supplying vital nutrients
[52]
. Their use is particularly crucial for underutilized vegetables, many of which are grown in marginal environments and receive minimal external inputs
[34]
.
Pesticide Uses: Data shows that 81.5% of farmers do not use any method to control pests and diseases in underutilized vegetable (UV) cultivation. Only 17.1% use organic pesticides, and just 1.4% apply chemical ones. This low usage indicates that pest and disease management is often overlooked due to factors such as lack of knowledge, cost of pesticides and rely on traditional practices that UVs are can grow in the wild without any attention
[46]
. The absence of pest control may result in significant crop losses, which in turn affect household food security and potential
[46, 54]
.
The low usage of organic pesticides (17.1%) shows that a minority of farmers are adopting eco-friendly alternatives such as neem extract, ash, or homemade botanical mixtures. These options are important for promoting sustainable agriculture, reducing chemical residues in food, and preserving beneficial insect populations
[45]
. However, their limited adoption suggests that knowledge and access remain barriers, despite their cost effectiveness and environmental safety
Indicators for harvesting: The most commonly used indicator for harvesting underutilized vegetables is the tenderness of the leaves (78.4%), followed by leaf size (52.5%), while age of the leaves (20.3%) and color change (23.9%) are the least commonly used indicators. The findings suggest that farmers domesticating UVs primarily rely on physical indicators, particularly tenderness and leaf size. These indicators are crucial in ensuring optimum quality, palatability, and market value of leafy vegetables. The low reliance on age of leaves and color change may reflect a lack of formal training in crop phenology or access to standardized harvesting guidelines. While leaf age and color are scientifically recognized indicators of maturity and nutrient concentration
[13, 17]
, many smallholder farmers depend on traditional knowledge and experience, which often emphasizes texture like softness over chronological or physiological maturity.
Harvesting Equipment/Tools: All respondents (100%) harvest underutilized vegetables by handpicking, with only 0.7% using tools and 21.8% practicing uprooting the whole plant. This reflects a low-impact harvesting methods over tool use or full plant removal. The strong preference for manual harvesting reflects a deep-rooted reliance on traditional, low-cost, and labor-intensive practices in both Dodoma and Morogoro. Manual harvesting is suitable for UVs such as Justicia heterocarpa, and Basella alba, which require selective harvesting to allow multiple regrowth cycles and prolonged harvesting periods
[29]
.
Harvesting time; Most farmers (54.4%) prefer harvesting underutilized vegetables in the morning, while a few do so in the evening (17.6%) or afternoon (1.6%). The findings align with best practices recommended in agronomy, as cooler morning temperatures reduce moisture loss, leaf wilting, and metabolic stress
[1]
, it is also minimizing oxidative damage and preserves vitamins such as ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), which are sensitive to heat and light
[17]
Although 50.5% harvest at any time, only 1.3% consider weather conditions in making decisions regarding harvesting. This indicate that half of respondent remain flexible or uninformed about the agronomic importance of harvesting time as it can affect the postharvest quality, shelf life, and nutritional content of leafy vegetables.
The study found that 54.7% of respondents were willing to adopt improved farming practices if training or support were provided, while 45.3% were not. This reluctance may be due to poor agricultural practices, fear of change, or limited trust in training providers. Strategies like farmer-to-farmer demonstrations, community-based training, and local success stories can help overcome barriers.
Table 9. Agricultural practices adopted by uses and farmers in the domestication and uses of underutilized vegetables in Dodoma and Morogoro.

Variable

Category

Freq.

Percent (%)

What steps do you take to prepare the land before planting underutilized vegetables

Clear the land, plough, harrow, and apply manure before planting

39

25.3

Clear the land and plant directly without ploughing or harrowing

43

27.9%

Clear the land, plough, harrow, and plant directly

71

46.1%

No specific preparation; plant directly on existing land conditions

1

0.6%

Where do you usually obtain seeds for planting underutilized vegetables

Local markets (unregulated)

No

95

93.1%

Yes

7

6.9%

Certified seed sources (e.g., seed banks, research institutes)

No

102

100%

Yes

0

0%

Self-saved seeds from previous harvests

No

25

24.5%

Yes

77

75.5%

How often do you irrigate underutilized vegetables during the dry season?

Daily

58

61.7%

2–3 times per week

24

25.5%

weekly

2

2.1%

Morning and evening

10

10.6%

Do you use any soil amendments (e.g., compost, manure) when growing or managing underutilized vegetables?

No

66

55.9%

Yes

51

43.2%

Sometimes

1

0.8%

What type of fertilizers do you use for underutilized vegetables

Organic

79

51.3%

Inorganic

1

0.6%

Both

5

3.2%

None

69

44.8%

How do you manage pests and diseases in underutilized vegetables

None

172

81.5%

Organic pesticides

36

17.1%

Chemical pesticides

3

1.4%

What signs or indicators do you use to determine when to harvest these vegetables

Tenderness of the leaves

No

66

21.6%

Yes

239

78.4%

The size of the leaves

No

145

47.5%

Yes

160

52.5%

Age of the leaves

No

243

79.7%

Yes

62

20.3%

Color change of the leaf

No

232

76.1%

Yes

73

23.9%

How do you harvest these vegetables

By Handpicking

No

0

0%

Yes

307

100%

By Using a knife or sickle

No

305

99.3%

Yes

2

0.7%

By Uprooting

No

240

78.2%

Yes

67

21.8%

At what time of the day do you harvest underutilized vegetables

Morning

No

140

45.6%

Yes

167

54.4%

Afternoon

No

302

98.4%

Yes

5

1.6%

Evening

No

253

82.4%

Yes

54

17.6%

Anytime

No

152

49.5%

Yes

155

50.5%

Depending on the weather conditions

No

303

98.7%

Yes

4

1.3%

Would you be willing to adopt improved farming practices if training or support is provided?

No

139

45.3%

Yes

168

54.7%
3.5.2. Association Between Social Demographic Characteristic and Cultivation Practices on Underutilized Vegetables
The strong regional disparity in adopting good agricultural practices observed between Morogoro and Dodoma (P < 0.001) reveals a striking imbalance in the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) as shown on Table10. 54 respondents from Morogoro indicated “good” agricultural practices, whereas none was observed in Dodoma. The regression analysis confirmed that region remained a statistically significant predictor (p < 0.001) even after adjusting for other variables such as age, education, and income. This suggests not only a gap in performance but a deeper inequality in access to agricultural information, extension services, and market infrastructure between the two regions. These findings are supported by
[41]
, who found that in Cameroon, regions located near research institutions and agricultural demonstration farms showed significantly higher rates of improved vegetable practice adoption. Similarly,
[29]
noted that areas supported by universities, NGOs, or government agricultural programs often had stronger uptake of sustainable farming practices, particularly for UVs. However, another crucial structural barrier in Dodoma might be chronic shortage of water as Dodoma is a semi-arid region
[36]
Even where knowledge and willingness to adopt GAP exist, the practical implementation of such practices is frequently hindered by unreliable rainfall and poor irrigation infrastructure. In such contexts, even the best agricultural training may not translate into practice without complementary investments in water access solutions, such as community irrigation schemes, rainwater harvesting, or planting of drought-resilient crop varieties.
Similarly, Age showed a significant influence (P = 0.004), with middle-aged farmers (40–59 years) being the most active in good agricultural practices. This is in agreement with
[37]
, who found that farmers aged (40–59) were more likely to adopt sustainable farming practices due to accumulated farming experience and active participation in decision-making. Younger respondents (15–19) showed poor practice levels, reflecting similar trends reported by
[49]
, which found that youth often lack access to land and mentorship, limiting their involvement in high-standard practices. Education level has a statistically significant association with the adoption of GAP (P = 0.01). Respondents with primary and secondary education demonstrate higher adoption rates compared to those without formal education. This finding is in line with previous findings in Nigeria where, educated farmers were more likely to adopt GAP due to better understanding of agricultural techniques and access to information
[16, 49]
.
Similarly
[16]
it was reported that in Southwest Nigeria, farmers with formal education were more likely to implement GAP, attributing this to their enhanced ability to comprehend and apply agricultural recommendations effectively. Farmers without formal education often face challenges in understanding and implementing GAP, leading to lower adoption rates. This underscores the importance of educational initiatives and training programs to bridge the knowledge gap and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Although gender was not statistically significant (P = 0.309) in influencing the adoption of GAP), it's noteworthy that women represented the majority in all practice categories. This underscores their dominant role in the domestication of UVs. In many African contexts, women are traditionally responsible for the production of food crops, including UVs, while men are primarily engaged in cash crop cultivation
[27]
. Despite their central role in UV cultivation, women often face systemic barriers that hinder their access to agricultural training, extension services, and inputs. For instance, women in Kenya and much of sub-Saharan Africa encounter greater obstacles than men regarding land ownership, investment, and access to farm inputs due to historical, sociocultural, and financial constraints
[3]
. These challenges limit their ability to fully implement GAP, even when they are the primary custodians of traditional vegetable knowledge.
Although occupation was not statistically significant (P = 0.059), the dominance of farmers (over 95%) in all categories reflected the reliance on agriculture in rural economies. Monthly income, however, showed significance (P = 0.01), with most “good” practitioners earning less than 100,000 TZS per month. This echoes
[32]
findings that low-income smallholders often adopted good practices not because of wealth, but because of peer learning, community-based training, and low-cost innovations. However, extreme poverty can still constrain access to inputs and postharvest technologies, underscoring the need for financial and technical support.
Table 10. Association between social demographic characteristic and practices on underutilized vegetables.

Factors

Category

Practice score

Test statistics

Poor (<=35%)

Medium (36%-65%)

Good (>=66%)

χ2 P-Value

Regression P-value

Region

Morogoro

31(15.9%)

34(58.6%)

54(100.0%)

<0.001

<0.001

Dodoma

164(84.1%)

24(41.4%)

0(0.0%)

Age

15-19

10(5.1%)

1(1.7%)

0(0.0%)

0.004

0.021

20-39

68(34.9%)

20(34.5%)

24(44.4%)

40-59

75(38.5%)

25(43.1%)

25(46.3%)

Above 60

42(21.5%)

12(20.7%)

5(9.3%)

Gender

Male

25(12.8%)

16(27.6%)

16(29.6%)

0.309

1

Female

170(87.2%)

42(72.4%)

38(70.4%)

Education Level

None

51(26.2%)

17(29.3%)

2(3.7%)

0.01

0.014

Primary education

124(63.6%)

28(48.3%)

39(72.2%)

Secondary education

20(10.3%)

13(22.4%)

13(24.1%)

Occupation

Farmer

188(97.4%)

56(96.6%)

52(96.3%)

0.059

0.219

Employed

0(0.0%)

1(1.7%)

2(3.7%)

Trader

5(2.6%)

1(1.7%)

0(0.0%)

Monthly Income

Less than 100,000

180(92.3%)

45(77.6%)

53(98.1%)

0.01

0.06

100,000-300,000

15(7.7%)

12(20.7%)

1(1.9%)

More than 300,000

0(0.0%)

1(1.7%)

0(0.0%)
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
This study confirms that underutilized vegetables are well recognized by communities in both Morogoro and Dodoma regions. However, this strong familiarity with UV has not translated into widespread cultivation. Continued dependence on wild harvesting suggests that UVs are still viewed as neglected crops rather than key contributors to nutrition and income. The domestication of UVs remains low, especially in Dodoma, primarily due to water scarcity, lack of quality seeds, and negative perceptions. UV practices across both regions are generally characterized by low input use, inadequate soil fertility management and minimal pest control, as well as reliance on traditional harvesting methods. However, these limitations are more pronounced in Dodoma, where harsh climatic conditions and weaker extension support have contributed to particularly poor agronomic performance.
To address these issues, a coordinated national effort is essential. Firstly, UVs must be integrated into agricultural research, extension, and seed policy frameworks, with dedicated resources for their improvement and promotion. Secondly, strengthening farmer knowledge through practical, field-based training in sustainable soil fertility, pest management, and postharvest handling is critical. empowering women and youth, who play central roles in UV production but face barriers in accessing, land, inputs and training. By bridging these gaps, Tanzania can reposition underutilized vegetables from neglected foods to key drivers of sustainable agriculture, nutrition security and rural livelihoods.
Abbreviations

Uvs

Underutilized Vegetables

GAP

Good Agricultural Practices

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

ILVs

Indigenous Leafy Vegetables

KAP

Knowledge Attitude and Practice

TZS

Tanzania Shillings

VEOs

Village Executive Officers

WHO

World Health Organization

UVs

Underutilized Vegetables
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Chalmers University of Technology Project No. Chalmers C2023-13401 for financial support. Institutional support from Sokoine University of Agriculture, including provision of workspace and access to computing facilities, is duly recognized. Respondents from Morogoro and Dodoma are acknowledged for their cooperation and willingness to provide information, which contributed to the success of this study.
Author Contributions
Nasma Abubakari Ally: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Frida Albinus Nyamete: Supervision, Writing – review & editing
Lucy Mlipano Chove: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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    Ally, N. A., Nyamete, F. A., Chove, L. M. (2025). Identification Domestication and Cultivation Practices of Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 13(6), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14

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    Ally, N. A.; Nyamete, F. A.; Chove, L. M. Identification Domestication and Cultivation Practices of Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2025, 13(6), 334-352. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14

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    Ally NA, Nyamete FA, Chove LM. Identification Domestication and Cultivation Practices of Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma. J Food Nutr Sci. 2025;13(6):334-352. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14,
  author = {Nasma Abubakari Ally and Frida Albinus Nyamete and Lucy Mlipano Chove},
  title = {Identification Domestication and Cultivation Practices of Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma},
  journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {334-352},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20251306.14},
  abstract = {Underutilized Vegetables (UVs) are nutrient dense crops with substantial potential to enhance food security and dietary diversity, yet remain largely overlooked in mainstream agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, domestication and cultivation practices of UVs in Morogoro and Dodoma regions of Tanzania through across sectional survey of 307 respondents. Chi- square test was performed to assess associations between categorical variables such as Dodoma and Morogoro. 30 species of underutilized vegetables consumed both in Morogoro and Dodoma regions were identified. Overall, 75.6% (n=232) of respondents demonstrated high familiarity with UVs, reflecting their cultural and dietary relevance. Domestication rates varied significantly by region, 83.2 % (99/119) of Morogoro farmers reported cultivating UVs in home gardens, compared with just 29.3%(55/188) in Dodoma with a highly significant difference (χ² = 84.805, p =0.000). The main reason hindering UVs domestication was water scarcity in semi-arid Dodoma (68%), as well as the availability of underutilized vegetables in wild areas. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to further identify factors that independently influenced the respondents’ practices score. Region, age, and education level affected the practices score, with regression p-values of 0.001, 0.021, and 0.014 respectively. In Morogoro, 54 respondents (n = 119) achieved higher GAP scores, while none in Dodoma did. These interregional disparities appear to be driven by differential access to water resources, extension services, and functional market linkages. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including water management strategies in semi-arid Dodoma, Community based training, seed multiplication initiatives and integrating UVs into national research, policy and market development frameworks. Such efforts could transform UVs from neglected wild forages into climate resilient, nutrient-rich crops, enhancing both sustainable agriculture and nutrition security in Tanzania.},
 year = {2025}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Identification Domestication and Cultivation Practices of Underutilized Vegetables in Morogoro and Dodoma
AU  - Nasma Abubakari Ally
AU  - Frida Albinus Nyamete
AU  - Lucy Mlipano Chove
Y1  - 2025/12/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14
T2  - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
JF  - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
JO  - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
SP  - 334
EP  - 352
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7293
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20251306.14
AB  - Underutilized Vegetables (UVs) are nutrient dense crops with substantial potential to enhance food security and dietary diversity, yet remain largely overlooked in mainstream agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, domestication and cultivation practices of UVs in Morogoro and Dodoma regions of Tanzania through across sectional survey of 307 respondents. Chi- square test was performed to assess associations between categorical variables such as Dodoma and Morogoro. 30 species of underutilized vegetables consumed both in Morogoro and Dodoma regions were identified. Overall, 75.6% (n=232) of respondents demonstrated high familiarity with UVs, reflecting their cultural and dietary relevance. Domestication rates varied significantly by region, 83.2 % (99/119) of Morogoro farmers reported cultivating UVs in home gardens, compared with just 29.3%(55/188) in Dodoma with a highly significant difference (χ² = 84.805, p =0.000). The main reason hindering UVs domestication was water scarcity in semi-arid Dodoma (68%), as well as the availability of underutilized vegetables in wild areas. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to further identify factors that independently influenced the respondents’ practices score. Region, age, and education level affected the practices score, with regression p-values of 0.001, 0.021, and 0.014 respectively. In Morogoro, 54 respondents (n = 119) achieved higher GAP scores, while none in Dodoma did. These interregional disparities appear to be driven by differential access to water resources, extension services, and functional market linkages. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including water management strategies in semi-arid Dodoma, Community based training, seed multiplication initiatives and integrating UVs into national research, policy and market development frameworks. Such efforts could transform UVs from neglected wild forages into climate resilient, nutrient-rich crops, enhancing both sustainable agriculture and nutrition security in Tanzania.
VL  - 13
IS  - 6
ER  -

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